Plutchik proposed that these eight ‘basic’ functions are biologically primitive and have evolved to enhance the survival and reproductive fitness of humans and animals (Plutchik, 2001a). According to Plutchik, emotions are similar to DNA or organs – traits that are so important that they are a survival and evolutionary necessity (Plutchik, 2001b).Īs shown in Table 2, Plutchik theorized that emotions serve at least eight distinct functions (adaptive behaviours): protection, destruction, reproduction, reunion, affiliation, rejection, exploration, and orientation (Plutchik, 1980 Reeve, 2009). Plutchik describes emotions as “basic adaptations needed by all organisms in the struggle for individual survival" (Plutchik, 1980). Robert Plutchik’s Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion suggests that emotion is not simply a feeling state but a complex chain of events beginning with a stimulus that evokes feelings, psychological changes, impulses leading to actions, and goal-orientated behaviour (Plutchik, 2001b). Plutchik’s Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion Note that some may be different than the ones listed on the table.Įmotion Produced from Primary Emotion Combination Table 1 provides the dyads produced by combining two primary emotions: These combination emotions can be primary dyads (often felt), secondary dyads (sometimes felt) and tertiary dyads (seldom felt). Plutchik's wheel also contains combination emotions, which are combinations of primary emotions that lie next to each other on the Wheel of Emotions (Williams, 2013). Anticipation is the opposite of Surprise.Each primary emotion has a polar opposite, so that: (Williams, 2013) Plutchik’s eight primary emotions are Joy, Trust, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Anticipation, Anger, and Disgust. For example, rage is the stronger form of anger while annoyance is the weaker (Plutchik, 2001a). These eight primary emotions occupy the centre of wheel (note the bolder colours) and the ‘milder’ emotions form the extremities (note the paler colours). As described in Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion, Plutchik believed that there are eight primary emotions. The intensity of the emotion increases as you move towards the wheel’s centre and decreases as you move outward the darker the shade, the more intense the emotion (Plutchik, 2001a). Like colours, primary emotions can be expressed at different intensities and can mix with one another to form different emotions (combination emotions). Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions is analogous to a colour wheel. Note that the two-dimensional ‘flower’ can fold into a three-dimensional, spinning top shape. See image (right) for Plutchik’s wheel of emotions. Plutchik’s wheel of emotions incorporates all of the elements of his Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion. Plutchik’s proposed the wheel of emotions in 1980 to illustrate the various relationships among emotions. Integrated into Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion is Plutchik’s wheel of emotions. Plutchik's wheel of emotions Plutchik-wheel His research interests include the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence and the study of the psychotherapy process. Robert Plutchik (21 October 1927 – 29 April 2006) was professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at the University of South Florida. Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion is based on ten postulates and consists of three components, the structural model, the sequential model, and the derivatives model. Plutchik identified eight primary emotions which he coordinated in pairs of opposites: Robert Plutchik created the 2D and conical 3D Wheel of Emotions in 1980 to help understand his Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion. Plutchik’s wheel of emotions takes into account the numerous definitions of emotion and related theories, and proposes an all-encompassing theory of emotion to help better explain the complex topic of emotion. Complicating the topic of emotion further is the plethora of theories of emotion whose authors interpret the role of emotion in life very differently (Plutchik, 2001a). The reason behind this is that the language of emotions is so broad, with hundreds of different words to describe various emotional states. The study of emotions is one of the most confused topics in psychology today (Plutchik, 2001a). 9 How can Plutchik's wheel of emotions be applied?.4 Plutchik’s Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion.
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